Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), as an advanced extracorporeal circulation technique, can temporarily replace or assist functions of heart or lung, providing essential life support for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc. However, although ECMO has demonstrated significant effect in improving oxygenation and reducing long⁃term lung function damage, its application is still associated with high risks of complications and mortality. This paper reviews the historical development of ECMO in the treatment of ARDS, its indications and contraindications, its technological development, its clinical efficacy, and its complications and prognostic influencing factors, aiming at providing theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the application of ECMO in ARDS.

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