Late⁃onset hypogonadism is a syndrome characterized by a decline in testosterone level with aging, leading to symptoms such as decreased sexual function, reduced physical energy, low mood, and associated metabolic abnormalities. The morbidity of this disease increases significantly with age. This paper systematically reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic regimens for late⁃onset hypogonadism and concomitant sexual dysfunction (including erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, and decreased libido) in males. Simultaneously, it provides an outlook on innovative and personalized treatment approaches.  

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