Upper gastrointestinal cancers (esophageal and gastric cancer) are common malignant tumors in China, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Due to inconspicuous early symptoms, most patients are diagnosed at middle or advanced stages, resulting in poor prognoses. In recent years, significant advancements in endoscopic techniques, imaging, and molecular diagnostic technique have markedly improved the early screening and diagnostic level of upper gastrointestinal cancer, leading to notable achievements in increasing early cancer detection rate and reducing mortality. However, China still faces numerous challenges in the early diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer, including insufficient coverage and compliance in screening populations, uneven distribution of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment resources, and an incomplete screening technology system. This paper systematically explores the epidemiological characteristics, screening techniques, and early diagnosis and treatment strategies for upper gastrointestinal cancer both domestically and internationally. It provides an in-depth analysis of current key challenges and explores a upper gastrointestinal cancer screening mode suited to China's national conditions, aiming to offer references for clinical practice and promote high-quality development in early diagnosis and treatment.

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